So far we have discussed basic R. For in-depth topics refer this following sources.
| terms | definitions |
|---|---|
| argument | A value given to a function or program when it runs. The term is often used interchangeably (and inconsistently) with parameter. |
| comma-separated values (CSV) | A common textual representation for tables in which the values in each row are separated by commas. |
| Comments | A remark in a program that is intended to help human readers understand what is going on, but is ignored by the computer. Comments in Python, R, and the Unix shell start with a |
| conditional statement | A statement in a program that might or might not be executed depending on whether a test is true or false. |
| dimensions (of an array) | An array’s extent, represented as a vector. For example, an array with 5 rows and 3 columns has dimensions (5,3). |
| documentation | Human-language text written to explain what software does, how it works, or how to use it. |
| encapsulation | The practice of hiding something’s implementation details so that the rest of a program can worry about what it does rather than how it does it. |
| for loop | A loop that is executed once for each value in some kind of set, list, or range. See also: while loop. |
| function body | The statements that are executed inside a function. |
| function call | A use of a function in another piece of software. |
| function composition | The immediate application of one function to the result of another, such as f(g(x)). |
| index | A subscript that specifies the location of a single value in a collection, such as a single pixel in an image. |
| loop variable | The variable that keeps track of the progress of the loop. |
| parameter | A variable named in the function’s declaration that is used to hold a value passed into the call. The term is often used interchangeably (and inconsistently) with argument. |
| pipe | A connection from the output of one program to the input of another. When two or more programs are connected in this way, they are called a “pipeline”. |
| return statement | A statement that causes a function to stop executing and return a value to its caller immediately. |
| silent failure | Failing without producing any warning messages. Silent failures are hard to detect and debug. |
| slice | A regular subsequence of a larger sequence, such as the first five elements or every second element. |
| stack frame | A data structure that provides storage for a function’s local variables. Each time a function is called, a new stack frame is created and put on the top of the call stack. When the function returns, the stack frame is discarded. |
| standard input (stdin) | A process’s default input stream. In interactive command-line applications, it is typically connected to the keyboard; in a pipe, it receives data from the standard output of the preceding process. |
| standard output (stdout) | A process’s default output stream. In interactive command-line applications, data sent to standard output is displayed on the screen; in a pipe, it is passed to the standard input of the next process. |
| string | Short for “character string”, a sequence of zero or more characters. |
| while loop | A loop that keeps executing as long as some condition is true. See also: for loop. |
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